Nintendo History Essay

Nintendo was founded in 1889. It was a poker card workshop. But now it’s Japan’s most famous game production company. Its production of electronic games are popular all around the world. Nintendo is the NO.1 of the world’s video game companies. With only 850 staffs, Nintendo used to beat such super enterprises as Toyota occasionally, thus becoming Japanese first profit-making company. Nintendo spells â€Å"Wii† with two lower-case â€Å"I† characters means: To resemble two people standing side by side, representing players gathering together.Wii sounds like ‘we’, which emphasizes that the console is for everyone. Wii can easily be remembered by people around the world, no matter what language they speak. The Wii is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19, 2006. The Nintendo Wii is the 7th generation video game console of the Nintendo series. It plays Nintendo video games via discs, and detects movement in three dim ensions. The Wii is meant to stimulate interactivity and movement among its users, so that they play games and get exercise simultaneously. The primary wireless controller, the Wii remote, is a handheld pointing device which makes the on-screen player mimic the movements of the person possessing the Wii remote. Nintendo production of electronic games In 1983ï ¼Å¡NES In 1989ï ¼Å¡Game Boy In 1990ï ¼Å¡Super Famicom In 1996ï ¼Å¡Nintendo64 In 2001ï ¼Å¡Game Boy Advance In 2001ï ¼Å¡GameCube In 2004ï ¼Å¡Nintendo DS In 2006ï ¼Å¡Wii In 2012ï ¼Å¡Wii U http://game.people.com.cn/n/2012/1120/c49419-19633647-4.htmlhttp://blog.eio.com/2012/07/21/an-introduction-to-the-nintendo-wii/ 1. Was Nintendo just lucky, or does the Wii’s success have strategic merit? Nintendo’s strategy was very clear and clever. It thought that it could not survive in the competition with Microsoft’s Xbox and Sony’s Play Station 3. So, Nintendo do not try to compete to the competitor rather than it tried to rebuild the gaming system. Without concerning the more advanced technology, it tried to do more using less investment. They realized that they couldn’t make a better product, so by changing the way in which the product is used they created a whole new market at their control. By changing their focus away from the game but the experience Nintendo created a unique strategy that is now synonymous with their name. Nintendo developed the Wii with a very specific design and marketing strategy in place. So, Nintendo’s strategy was so resourceful and it worked like magic mix strategy.Their success with the Wii really stems from two sources. First, they have gained substantial market share with previously untapped demographics (elder ly, smallchildren, and families). Second, because they have eliminated many of the additional costs and features of the more advanced game systems, they have been able to better compete based on price.Even while they were struggling, Nintendo maintained a strong brand within the gaming industry. Marketing Strategies of Nintendo are through the product, pricing, promotion, and place. With the product, Nintendo redesigned the controller to make it easier and more nature to play games,e.g motion sensitivity, IR sensors. Nintendo keep price at $250.00 while XBOX and PS3 over $350.00. Wii games cheaper $10.00 than XBOX and PS3. It offering various accessories to generate revenue. Ninendo promotion through mass selling, uses intermediary (GameStop, hypermarket, mall), uses both push or pull techniques. Pushing is used by advertising through commercials, ads, circulars, magazines, and internet.Pulling is demonstrated by keeping on-hand inventory low leaving customers returning to check availability.Nintendo has included a free game with eachWii unit, other systems, they increase the price by $20-50. they offer the Nintendo WiFi connection. This allows you to play certain online games against friends and others. Nintendo's WiFi connection is free and offers many nice updates. A bout the place, Nintendo has distribution centers around the world. Each distributing the regions version of Nintendo’s systems or games. In the United States there are 2 distribution centers, that are Redmond, Washington; Atlanta, Georgia. Retailers get their inventory directly from Nintendo.Businesses are gaining approximately $10 per unit sold; however, they make their money through game and accessory sales. 2) In which stage of the product life cycle is theWii? Based on that stage, is Nintendo employing good marketing mix strategies? The sales of Nintendo keep increasing and last sales not significant. The stages is growh- early maturity. If a product is accepted by the marketplace, it enters the growth stage of the product life cycle. The growth stage is characterized by increasing sales, more competitors, and higher profits. Unfortunately for the firm, the growth stage attracts competitors who enter the market very quickly. For example, when Diet Coke experienced great success, Pepsi soon entered with Diet Pepsi. You’ll notice that both Coca-Cola and Pepsi have similar competitive offerings in the beverage industry, including their own brands of bottled water, juice, and sports drinks. As additional customers begin to buy the product, manufacturers must ensure that the product remains available to customers or run the risk of them buying competitors’ offerings. For example, the producers of video game systems such as Nintendo’s Wii could not keep up with consumer demand when the product was first launched. Consequently, some consumers purchased competing game systems such as Microsoft’s Xbox. A company sometimes increases its promotional spending on a product during its growth stage. However, instead of encouraging consumers to try the product, the promotions often focus on the specific benefits the product offers and its value relative to competitive offerings. In other words, although the company must still inform and educate customers, it must counter the competition. Emphasizing the advantages of the product’s brand name can help a company maintain its sales in the face of competition. Although different organizations produce personal computers, a highly recognized brand such as IBM strengthens a firm’s advantage when competitors enter the market. New offerings that utilize the same successful brand name as a company’s already existing offerings, which is what Black & Decker does with some of its products, can give a company a competitive advantage. Companies typically begin to make a profit during the growth stage because more units are being sold and more revenue is generated. The number of distribution outlets (stores and dealers) utilized to sell the product can also increase during the growth stage as a company tries to reach as much of the marketplace as possible. Expanding a product’s distribution and increasing its production to ensure its availability at different outlets usually results in a product’s costs remaining high during the growth stage. The price of the product itself typically remains at about the same level during the growth stage, although some companies reduce their prices slightly to attract additional buyers and meet the competitors’ prices. Companies hope by increasing their sales, they also improve their profits. The Maturity Stage After many competitors enter the market and the number of potential new customers declines, the sales of a product typically begin to level off. This indicates that a product has entered the maturity stage of its life cycle. Most consumer products are in the mature stage of their life cycle; their buyers are repeat purchasers versus new customers. Intense competition causes profits to fall until only the strongest players remain. The maturity stage lasts longer than other stages. Quaker Oats and Ivory Soap are products in the maturity stage—they have been on the market for over one hundred years. Given the competitive environment in the maturity stage, many products are promoted heavily to consumers by stronger competitors. The strategies used to promote the products often focus on value and benefits that give the offering a competitive advantage. The promotions aimed at a company’s distributors may also increase during the mature stage. Companies may decrease the price of mature products to counter the competition. However, they must be careful not to get into â€Å"price wars† with their competitors and destroy all the profit potential of their markets, threatening a firm’s survival. Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) have engaged in several price wars with regard to their microprocessors. Likewise, Samsung added features and lowered the price on its Instinct mobile phone, engaging in a price war with Apple’s iPhone. With the weakened economy, many online retailers engaged in price wars during the 2008 holiday season by cutting prices on their products and shipping costs. Although large organizations such as Amazon.com can absorb shipping costs, price wars often hurt smaller retailers. Many retailers learned from their mistakes and ordered less inventory for the 2009 holiday season. Companies are challenged to develop strategies to extend the maturity stage of their products so they remain competitive. Many firms do so by modifying their target markets, their offerings, or their marketing strategies. Next, we look at each of these strategies. Modifying the target market helps a company attract different customers by seeking new users, going after different market segments, or finding new uses for a product in order to attract additional customers. Financial inst itutions and automobile dealers realized that women have increased buying power and now market to them. With the growth in the number of online shoppers, more organizations sell their products and services through the Internet. Entering new markets provides companies an opportunity to extend the product life cycles of their different offerings. Many companies enter different geographic markets or international markets as a strategy to get new users. A product that might be in the mature stage in one country might be in the introductory stage in another market. For example, when the U.S. market became saturated, McDonald’s began opening restaurants in foreign markets. Cell phones were very popular in Asia before they were introduced in the United States. Many cell phones in Asia are being used to scan coupons and to charge purchases. However, the market in the United States might not be ready for that type of technology. Modifying the product, such as changing its packaging, size, flavors, colors, or quality can also extend the product’s maturity stage. The 100 Calorie Packs created by Nabisco provide an example of how a company changed the packaging and size to provide convenience and one-hundred-calorie portions for consumers. While the sales of many packaged foods fell, the sales of the 100 Calorie Packs increased to over $200 million, prompting Nabisco to repackage more products. [5]Kraft Foods extended the mature stage of different crackers such as Wheat Thins and Triscuits by creating different flavors. Although not popular with consumers, many companies downsize (or decrease) the package sizes of their products or the amount of the product in the packages to save money and keep prices from rising too much. Car manufacturers modify their vehicles slightly each year to offer new styles and new safety features. Every three to five years, automobile manufacturers do more extensive modifications. Changing the package or adding variations or features are common ways to extend the mature stage of the life cycle. Pepsi recently changed the design and packaging of its soft drinks and Tropicana juice products. However, consumers thought the new juice package looked like a less expensive brand, which made the quality of the product look poorer. As a result, Pepsi resumed the use of the original Tropicana carton. Pepsi’s redesigned soda cans also received negative consumer reviews. Tropicana’s New Packaging Tropicana’s new (and now abandoned) packaging look didn’t compare well with the â€Å"orange and the straw† but is still used on the lower-calorie Tropicana. When introducing products to international markets, firms must decide if the product can be standardized (kept the same) or how much, if any,adaptation, or changing, of the product to meet the needs of the local culture is necessary. Although it is much less expensive to standardize products and promotional strategies, cultural and environmental differences usually require some adaptation. Product colors and packages as well as product names must often be changed because of cultural differences. For example, in many Asian and European countries, Coca-Cola’s diet drinks are called â€Å"light,† not diet. GE makes smaller appliances such as washers and dryers for the Japanese market. Hyundai Motor Company had to improve the quality of its automobiles in order to compete in the U.S. market. Compan ies must also examine the external environment in foreign markets since the regulations, competition, and economic conditions vary as well as the cultures. Figure 7.15 Some companies modify the marketing strategy for one or more marketing variables of their products. For example, many coffee shops and fast-food restaurants such as McDonald’s now offer specialty coffee that competes with Starbucks. As a result, Starbucks’ managers a decided it was time to change the company’s strategy. Over the years, Starbucks had added lunch offerings and moved away from grinding coffee in the stores to provide faster service for its customers. However, customers missed the coffee shop atmosphere and the aroma of freshly brewed coffee and didn’t like the smell of all the lunch items. As a result of falling market share, Starbucks’ former CEO and founder Howard Schultz returned to the company. Schultz hired consultants to determine how to modify the firm’s offering and extend the maturity stage of their life cycle. Subsequently, Starbucks changed the atmosphere of many of its stores back to that of traditional coffee shops, modified its lunch offerings in many stores, and resumed grinding coffee in stores to provide the aroma customers missed. The company also modified some of its offerings to provide health-conscious consumers lower-calorie alternatives. [6] After the U.S. economy weakened in 2009, Starbucks announced it would begin selling instant coffee for about a dollar a cup to appeal to customers who were struggling financially but still wanted a special cup of coffee. The firm also changed its communication with customers by utilizing more interactive media such as blogs. Whereas Starbucks might have overexpanded, McDonald’s plans to add fourteen thousand coffee bars to selected stores. [7] In addition to the coffee bars, many McDonald’s stores are remodeling their interiors to feature flat screen televisions, recessed lighting, and wireless Internet access. Other McDonald’s restaurants kept their original design, which customers still like. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Assignment-Case-Study-Of-Nintendo-878245.html http://www.papercamp.com/essay/46271/Nintendo-Case ï‚ · http://www.xbitlabs.com http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/2030?e=fwk-133234-ch07_s02

A Big Change

A big change Looking back on a childhood when I was a child, every sound, every move, every event, the first day of happiness, the first date, the first hurt. Everything together made who I am. I was thinking about the memories that was the most Important for me. Is it the day when I met a new friend? Is it the day when I was crushed by someone? Or it is the day when I knew how to say â€Å"Mommy† for â€Å"Money†. It took a lot of time to think about my childhood memories. Every moments were Important for me no matter it good or bad, sad or happy.Suddenly, I asked myself why I changed my mind to like English even if I have never liked it because it was a second language and I thought it was hard and not necessary for me. It was a summer when I played Final Fantasy game for the first time. My older brother recommended me this game. So, I decided to play it. After the game started, I was shocked by the English language In the game and It made me felt like an Dildo. Then, I ran to my bedroom to find a dictionary to translated it. I wanted to know what hey said, thought, and what they want me to do.I had done this every time, every day, every moment playing this game until I found something strange. It wondered me a big surprised this game made my English skill better and I fell in love with learning English. Although, the game was over but I still learning English by playing another game and read many books. This was changed my attitude from Ignorance in English to love it when I realized that I am happy to learn English and I want to say thankful to this game for giving me a good change.

Course Guide

Course Guide School of Computing, Information and Mathematical Science/USP Library Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific ii Produced by the University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji, 2013 First produced June 2010 Revised July 2012 Production team for semester 2, 2010 Course writers Colin Ash Paula Jones Deepak Bhartu Dinesh Kumar Kaylash Chaudhary Rajneel Totaram Rinel Ram Ronal Singh Shaveen Singh Sunil Lal Viren Sharma Valentine Hazelman Instructional designer Cover design Marketing, Development and Communications OfficeCourse revision team for Semester 1, 2011 Course writers Shirley Devi Ajeshni Jeet Gavin Khan Salsabil Nusair Sunaina Nair Saleshni Sharma Dennis Sen Krishneel Chaudhary Viren Sharma Shaveen Singh Education technologist Cover design Tevita Ului Jitoko Marketing, Development and Communications Office This material has been prepared by the University of the South Pacific for use by students enrolled in the course for whic h it was developed. It may contain copyright material copied under the provisions of the Fiji Copyright Act 1999 or under license from rights holders or their agents.Copyright in material prepared by USP is owned by USP. This material cannot be sold or copied for further distribution without the University’s permission. Where provided in electronic format, it can only be printed by or for the use of the student enrolled in the course. iii iv Conte nts USING THIS COURSE GUIDE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 PART A†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What is this course about?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 What are my learning outcomes? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 What is my study schedule?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 What are my learning resources? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 MOODLE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. How do I study this course? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 How am I assessed in this course? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Rationale for assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Assessment Plan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 How do I submit my assignments?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 Course valuation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 PART B †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Topic 1: ICT Tools @USP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Topic 2: Basic Computing Skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 Topic 3: Hardware Fundamentals and Computer Procurement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Topic 4: Simple Text-Based Reports †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Topic 5: Fundamentals of Information †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 19 Topic 6: Search Strategies and Sourcing Information Online†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Topic 7: Presentation Reports †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Topic 8: The Library Website and the Library Catalogue †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 Topic 9: Searching Databases and Managing References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ .. 24 Topic 10: Evaluating Information †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 25 Topic 11: Web 2. 0 Tools for Educational and Social Purposes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26 Topic 12: Analytical Reports †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 Topic 13: Social and Ethical Issues †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 27 vi USING THIS COURSE GUIDE Welcome to UU100: Communications and Information Literacy! Firstly, this course is an eLearning course which means that along with this Course Guide, you will also use a learning management system called MOODLE which requires you to have access to the computer and the Internet. This Course Guide is divided into two (2) parts: Part A tells you what the course is about and what you are expected to do to complete the course successfully. Part B tells you about your course content, topics and what activities you are expected to do throughout the FLEXI school. 1 2PART A 3 4 What is this course about? This course covers fundamental concepts of computers and their applications, including the use of software for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations and graphics. It also addresses the broader imperative for you to develop the capacity to effectively locate; access; evaluate; and use information in different formats. You will develop the learning skills needed for success in your studies and in modern workplaces. This course forms the basis of an overall effort to infuse computer and information literacy throughout the university curriculum.What are my learning outcomes? Upon successful completion of this course, you should be able to: 1. Access and use USP’s ICT resources available on-campus and off-campus. 2. Identify and use different features of a computer system. 3. Use standard applications for creating documents, presentations and spreadsheets. 4. Recognise the structure of information, that is, how it is produced, organised and disseminated. 5. Apply appropriate techniques in formulating effective search strategies to locate relevant information resources. 6.Navigate and utilise the Web, the USP Library website, the USP Library catalogue, and an online database subscribed by the USP Library to locate relevant and scholarly information resources. 7. Use appropriate referencing software and tools. 8. Critically evaluate information resources and synthesise information in academic writings. 9. Use emerging web-based tech nologies for educational and social purposes. 10. Recognise the legal, socio-economic and ethical issues regarding access to and use of information technology and information resources. What is my study schedule?Below is a study schedule that includes assessment activities and an assessment plan. The course guides your learning through a series of mandatory practical computer laboratory activities each day: ? ? ? Pre-lab activities to orientate you on the what and how of the week’s topic; A two hours lab session to complete the lab exercises with a facilitator present or online; Post lab activities to discuss, review, demonstrate and document the lessons learnt. 5 Topics *Pre Lab Activity Read Course Guide (Part A and B) Create ePortfolio Profile 1–2 1 1–3 1–2 1–2 1 1–2 1–2 1–2 1–2 1–2 1 Lab Activity Lab and Course Orientation 1–4 1–3 1–2 1–5 1–3 1–3 1 1–3 1– 4 1–3 1–4 1–4 1–2 *Post Lab Activity Orientation and Lab Introduction 1. ICT Tools @USP Discussion Forum Netiquette Online Quiz 1 2. 3. Basic Computing Skills Hardware Fundamentals & Computer Procurement Simple Text-based Reports Fundamentals of Information Search Strategies & Sourcing Information Online Presentation Reports The Library Website Searching Databases Effectively 4. 5. 6. Online Quiz 2 1–2 1 1 Online Quiz 3 1 Online Quiz 4 1 Online Quiz 5 Discussion Forum 7. 8. 9. 10. Evaluating Information 11. Web 2. Tools for Educational and Social Purposes 12. Analytical Reports 13. Social and Ethical Issues Assessment Name Assignment 1 Assignment 2 ePortfolio Activity 1-6 Final ePortfolio Submission Due Date 7th April, 2013 19th May, 2013 TBA 9th June, 2013 6 What are my learning resources? ? ? Course Guide: This booklet material that you are reading. MOODLE: The website hosting all resources in electronic format. URL: http://elearn. usp. ac. fj NB : Moodle is an integral part of the course for all students. Participating in the Discussion Forum (a kind of chat-room) is useful and at times even fun.The site is the main interface between you and your course coordinator/tutors—when we're not in class or tutorial, important information about class events and other relevant notices will be posted on the UU100 MOODLE site. Some features that you will find on your UU100 MOODLE site includes: ? News and Announcement forum: The course coordinator or facilitator will be using this forum to communicate any important information in regards to UU100. Note: This is a one way forum and you will not be able to make postings on this or reply to the posts.Forums: Block for each topic on Moodle will have a Forum discussion link for students to discuss their experiences and learning for the topic. No student is allowed to post answers for prelab, inlab or post lab activities (including quizzes). The forum discussion is only to encourage s tudents to share their knowledge and experience in regards to UU100. Additional forum discussions will be made available for assignments and eportfolio as well. Course guide: (this booklet) is available online at the relevant link. You should consult this document for all questions relating to course structure.Assessment materials: This link provides all you need to know about assessment in the course, including due dates, marking criteria and submission requirements. Assignment submission boxes: All assignments need to be submitted online through the relevant drop box. Hard copy of the assignments will not be accepted/required. ? ? ? ? IMPORTANT: Having problems with Moodle? Site not found? If you have any difficulties with accessing Moodle, email [email  protected] ac. fj or talk to your tutor. ? In addition to the Materials available via Moodle, online Library resources are available via the Library website http://www. sp. ac. fj/library/. You may also visit the Information Lit eracy Program link on the Library website. 7 MOODLE MOODLE is USP’s learning management system and will be used to support learning in some of your courses. To access MOODLE, you need a computer connected to the Internet. MOODLE works best and is most compatible with Mozilla Firefox, thus students are recommended to use Mozilla Firefox to access Moodle if any issue is faced with any other browser. Moodle can be accessed from any PC connected to LAN at USP or any PC elsewhere connected to Internet.To login, you will need a username and password which must have been given to you by your local USP Campus or Centre. How to login to MOODLE Step 1: Accessing MOODLE ? ? ? Open your browser: Recommended browser to access MOODLE is Mozilla Firefox. Type the following URL at the address bar: http://elearn. usp. ac. fj/ Press Enter. ? Alternatively, you can go to the USP website: http://www. usp. ac. fj/ and use the Quick Links drop down menu on the left of the page and select MOODLE. S tep 2: Username and Password ? ? ? ? You will come to a Login screen.Type your Student ID number in the Username box. Type your student email password in the Password box. Click on Login. (webmail) ********* Step 3: Accessing your course ? You should now see a list of your courses. Click the Course Code UU100 e. g. Lost or forgotten password? Please contact your USP ITS student helpdesk. 8 How do I study this course? There are 13 by 2 hour assessed lab sessions during the semester. You are required to attend the practical session on a weekly basis. Some of these sessions (at least 6) will be delivered and assessed online.You should anticipate spending an additional 3 hours per week on the subject engaged in reading, reflection and research and undertaking assessment tasks and reporting on your learning progress. Attendance in tutorials is assessed (see assessment plan). For this reason class rolls will be taken in each lab session. Learning consists of a number of computer laborator y activities which allows you to demonstrate the level at which you learn and understand the essential knowledge for the course. The prescribed activities will be designed to suit the needs of all first year students.How am I assessed in this course? Rationale for assessment Assessment tasks are designed to provide you with an opportunity to develop and demonstrate specific academic abilities as stated in the learning outcomes. The rationale for each piece of assessment is as follows: ? ? ? ? Lab attendance and participation: This assessment requires you to develop your skills on various parts of the course content and to engage in practical activities. Quizzes: This assessment component allows you to measure your learning on topics. Assignments: These assessments develop your research, analytical and writing skills. Portfolio Report: An ePortfolio can be seen as a type of learning record that provides actual evidence of achievement. Your own ePortfolio is used to track your learnin g journey and achievement of course outcomes. Assessment is based on learning-by-doing, and not on memorising course notes. To successfully complete this course you must achieve a satisfactory mark in each of the four assessment items and an overall mark of at least 50%. 9 Assessment Plan ** Participation requires attendance to a minimum of 10 assessed lab sessions and completion of all online activities.Six (6) of the practical sessions will be delivered and assessed online, so F2F attendance is not required for this.. How do I submit my assignments? Original w or k versus plagiarism Always keep a copy of your written work! A handy way to back-up is to email yourself at an alternative email account like Gmail, Yahoo or Hotmail. Course materials on MOODLE, lecture notes and course notes are not citable authorities so you are not allowed to cite them in your essay, footnotes, or bibliography. This requires you to be creative and original in your work, and not plagiarize. Be careful a bout how you cite online resources.Copying materials from other sources without proper referencing and acknowledgement to the source is a serious offence and will be dealt with severely. In the USP Calendar, the Plagiarism and Dishonest Practice Regulations defines plagiarism as ‘taking and using another person’s thoughts, writings, inventions or other work as one’s own. If the lecturer/tutor is satisfied that plagiarism has occurred then the students at fault will be subject to disciplinary action. See http://www. fste. usp. ac. fj/index. php? id=6868 10 If any assistance is required in understanding plagiarism, please speak to your tutor or lecturer. . Student Responsibilities – you are expected to: ? ? ? ? Read the materials provided; Read the assigned work; Carry out any research required for any work; and Attempt and submit the relevant pieces of assessments required. 2. Lab/classroom Rules – To maintain a classroom environment that is conduciv e to optimal learning, please follow these simple rules: ? ? ? ? ? Arrive on time; Turn off your mobile phones (or keep them on silent mode); Do not do any other personal work, including visiting social networking sites such as Facebook; Do not chat with your neighbors unnecessarily; and Avoid any disruptive behavior.Submission of assignments, m a r king time and collection Assignments are to be handed in or posted electronically through MOODLE (see Submission of assignments online) on or before the due date. Under no circumstances must they be left in the office when no staff member is present or handed in by someone else (unless authorized otherwise). Before submitting your assignment you should check that you have a copy and that you have complied with all instructions given. It is the normal practice to attempt to mark course assessments within three weeks after due date.If this is not possible, the class will be notified of the revised marking time line. All grades will be made available for students via Moodle Grade book. Remember: on every assignment you should also include a cover sheet with your assignment which indicates your Name, Student ID No. , Assignment No. , Lecturer or Tutor, Lab Session, Due Day and Date. Submission of assignments online To submit assignments online, you should click on the relevant assignment drop box in the assessment section of the UU100 MOODLE site.At the bottom of the main assignment page you will see a â€Å"Browse† button which will enable you to upload your assignment from any storage media, select the file/assignment and click on â€Å"Upload this file† button to upload your assignment. It is important that you are logged in to your own account before uploading the file as the uploaded file will be stored under the logged in account. Once you submit an assignment, you will be redirected to the main assignment page where you will be able to see the details of your submission.Note: If you have submitted your assignment online and have not had any marks or feedback within three weeks of submission, please contact your course coordinator or tutor. 11 Course evaluation Online surveys/evaluations will be available in MOODLE for you to provide feedback for UU100. Your responses will remain strictly confidential and will only be used to further enhance the course. 12 PART B 13 Orientation & Lab Introduction Introduction In this first session, students are introduced to all the different components of UU100. Students are informed about the aims, objectives and assessment requirements of the course.Furthermore, students are also introduced to some key ICT Tools that will be used by the students for the rest of their academic life at USP. Learning outcomes After the completion of this week’s topic, students should be able to:? ? ? Learn the aims and objectives of UU100 Understand the assessment plan for UU100 Familiarize themselves with the key ICT tools used at USP. Readings Student s are to complete the following readings prior to attending their respective lab session. Note that all readings are available under the Orientation Tools link in Moodle. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?StudeNet SOLS Accessing personal share (Only for Laucala Campus Student) Google Apps Moodle Guide Assessment Breakdown NComputing Introduction to ePortfolio Post Lab ? Students are highly recommended to participate in the MOODLE discussion forum titled â€Å"Netiquette. † 14 Topic 1: ICT Tools @USP Introduction In this topic, you will familiarize yourself with a computer system, the Windows Operating System environment and other computer lab resources at USP. You will learn the basics of managing your course materials (files) using MOODLE; how to download the files, upload assignments, join a group and participate in the discussion forum.MOODLE is the learning management system adopted by USP. You will be able to find all the course related information about UU100 on Moodle. MOODLE stands for Modular Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment. You will also learn how to create a portfolio using MAHARA, an ePortfolio system. An eportfolio can be seen as a type of learning record that provides actual evidence of achievement. With your ePortfolio, you can capture and store evidence of your learning; reflect on them; give and receive feedback; plan and set goals, collaborate with others and publish your information to a chosen group of audience.Finally, you will use TURNITIN to check your assignment content for any sign of plagiarism. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: ? ? ? ? Familiarise yourself with the Windows environment and other computer lab resources. Get Started with MOODLE – download and upload files, use groups and forums. Create your own ePortfolio profile using MAHARA. Check your assignment for plagiarism using TURNITIN before submission Readings ? ? ePortfolio Guide – Creating and Viewing your Prof ile TURNITIN Student Guide. Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1.Access Mahara and update your profile information. Lab Activity: 1. Familiarise yourself with a computer system and the lab resources available in USP’s computer lab. 2. Get Started with MOODLE – download course materials, upload a sample assignment and participate in the discussion forums. 3. Create a View using Mahara. 4. Check your sample Assignment document for plagiarism using TURNITIN – before submission. 5. Attempt Lab Activity questions. ? Post Lab Activity: 1. Students are highly recommended to participate in the MOODLE discussion forum titled â€Å"Netiquette. † ? 15 Topic 2: Basic Computing Skills IntroductionIn this topic, you will familiarise yourself with the different types of computer software available namely system software and application software. You will also learn to manage files using My Computer, create, save and close files and folders and practice using f ile compression utilities. Furthermore, you will also learn how to convert files to different formats and practice typing using the keyboard. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: ? ? ? ? ? Learn about the different types of software. Type proficiently using the keyboard. Work with files and folders.Zip and unzip files and folders using the WinRAR utility. Convert files to different file formats. Readings ? Read Topic 2 notes posted on Moodle. Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. You are required to research on the following topics before you attend this week’s lab session: a. Operating Systems. b. Keyboards and Shortcut keys. c. Files and file types. d. Different File compression and conversion tools 2. Practice and improve your typing skills using the recommended Touch Type Tutoring program. ? Lab Activity: 1. Learn about different types of software 2. Discuss FOSS 3. Working with Files and Folders. 4.Using WinZip to C ompress/Decompress Files and Folders. 5. Converting files to different file formats. Post Lab Activity: 1. Review Quiz 1 ? 16 Topic 3: Hardware Fundamentals and Computer Procurement Introduction In this topic, you will familiarise yourself with basic computer lab technology; hardware, software and networks. As this course is based on information communication technology and information literacy, it is important that you acquire the necessary computer-related skills which are seen as essential tools for communication of information. At some point in time, you may consider investing in a computer system.There are many factors ranging from budget to performance indices that you need to consider in buying a computer. This topic will also guide you in making an informed decision in this regard. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Describe the categories of computers. Describe and identify the various components of a computer. Distinguish between system software and application software. Identify and procure a computer system which meet the needs of the buyer Recognize and discuss the purpose of computer networks.Understand the client-server model. Access network resources. Work with web-based e-mail. Readings ? Read Topic 3 notes from Moodle. Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Computer Specifications – familiarising yourself with the components of a computer. 2. Watch the Video on â€Å"Understanding the parts of a computer† Lab Activity: 1. Identify essential hardware component specifications. 2. Attempt the Case study about a student’s choice of a computer. Post Lab Activity: 1. Complete ePortfolio Learning Objective 1. 2. Begin work on Assignment 1. ? ? 17 Topic 4: Simple Text-Based Reports IntroductionComputers can offer us valuable insights into our writing style simply because they can process text quickly and thoroughly. This topic provides hands-on experience of basic word processing techniques and functions. It is designed for you to be able to demonstrate a working knowledge of word processing terminology and identify functions and procedures utilised in word processing. Presented in this topic are a few writing tools and techniques that will be of some help as you use them for your professional writing. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: Use computers to create electronic documents. ? Change the look of a document using formatting. ? Use templates and styles for creating professional looking documents and reports. Readings ? ? ? ? Pre Lab Activity Notes Lab Activity Notes ePortfolio Guide-Creating Folder and Uploading Files PDF document ePortfolio Guide – Journals Activities and practical: ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Create a Cover Page and a Birthday card using MSWORD 2010 2. Lab Activity Notes. Lab Activity: 1. Editing Documents. 2. Formatting Text, Paragraphs and Pages. 3. Adding tabl es and graphics to documents. 4.Spell Checking a Document. 5. Styles 6. Table of Contents. 7. Bibliography. Post Lab Activity: 1. Review Quiz 2 2. Complete EPortfolio Learning Objective 2 ? ? 18 Topic 5: Fundamentals of Information Introduction We live in what is often called ‘The Information Age’ – an era which is â€Å"marked by the increased production, transmission, consumption of and reliance on information. Many consider the new role of information to be changing our social and economic behavior as dramatically as did the Industrial Revolution† (Readiness for the Networked World: A Guide for Developing Countries. Glossary of Terms’ http://cyber. law. harvard. edu/readinessguide/glossary. html). Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: ? ? ? ? Describe the roles of data, information, knowledge and wisdom in decision-making; Describe the competencies of an information literate individual; Describe the st ructure of information, that is, how it is produced, organised and disseminated; Discuss legal, ethical and socio-economic issues surrounding information; Readings ? Read Topic 5 notes Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1.Identify and analyse information needed for decision making in given scenarios. Lab Activity: 1. Browse and identify features of selected web-based primary, secondary and tertiary sources of information. 2. Discuss the impact of technological advances on primary, secondary and tertiary sources of information. 3. Discuss the reasons and implications of digital divide and suggest recommendations to bridge the divide in Pacific Island countries. ? Post Lab Activity: ? 1. Analyse scenarios of legal and illegal as well as ethical and unethical uses of information resources. 19Topic 6: Search Strategies and Searching Information Online Introduction The Internet has changed the way people use computers and communicate information. In Part A of this topic, you wi ll be introduced to various techniques for searching information. In Part B, you will use selected search engines, meta-search engines and subject directories to find web-based information to support your studies. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Construct effective search strategies using appropriate search terms and search techniques; 2.Identify features of selected search engines, meta-search engines and subject directories; 3. Use selected search engines, meta-search engines and subject directories to locate relevant and scholarly information resources. Readings ? Read Topic 6 notes Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Quiz ? Lab Activity: 1. Construct search strategies, on given topics, using appropriate search terms and search techniques. 2. Use Google Web advanced search mode and Google Scholar advanced search mode to conduct searches, on given topics, and analyse the results retrieved.Use an academic subject dir ectory to conduct searches, on given topics, and analyse the results retrieved. 3. ? Post Lab Activity: 1. Use the basic and advanced search modes of a selected meta-search engine to conduct searches, on a given topic, and analyse the results retrieved. 20 Topic 7: Presentation Introduction In this topic you will learn how to make use of presentation software that will aid you in delivering effective, targeted, interesting and captivating presentations suitable to the target audience. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: ? ? Identify different presentation tools. Use design templates. Create visually appealing presentations. Readings ? Topic 7 notes from MOODLE. Activities and practical ? ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Create a PowerPoint presentation in a group using MS PowerPoint 2010. Lab Activity: 1. Students to do a group presentation on slides created during Pre Lab. 2. Students will be introduced to Prezi – a Flash based presentati on software. ? Post Lab Activity: 1. Students to upload a Prezi presentation onto ePortfolio as Post Lab activity for the week. 1 Topic 8: The Library Website and the Library Catalogue Introduction In Part A of this topic, you will explore the range of useful information the USP Library website has to offer. The USP Library website is very often the most suitable way to find the information you need. It contains links to information and can direct you to the best sites, particularly relevant Pacific/Oceania sites. If you know your way around the Library website, you will find a treasure trove of information that will help you get ahead in your studies.In Part B of this topic, you will be introduced to the Library catalogue, which is the key to finding a huge range of information resources about subjects you will study at USP. Part B explores the various search modes of the library catalogue which you can use to search and find library resources efficiently. Learning outcomes Upon su ccessful completion of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Navigate the main USP Library website as well as Emalus and Alafua Library websites and identify relevant links for undergraduate students; 2.Construct search strategies and use the Laucala Library catalogue as well as the regional libraries catalogue to search for library resources on given topics; 3. Interpret citations and construct search strategies using the Laucala Library catalogue as well as the regional libraries catalogue to search for library resources for given citations. Readings ? Read Topic 8 notes Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Navigate the main USP Laucala Library website as well as Alafua and Emalus Library websites and identify types of library services and resources available for undergraduate students. Lab Activity: 1.For given topics and citations, construct search strategies and conduct searches using the following search modes and options on the USP Library catalogue: i. Quick Searc h using Keywords option; ii. Title Search using Browse, Phrase, and Exact Match options; iii. Advanced Search; iv. Subject Search. 2. For given topics and citations, construct search strategies and conduct searches using Quick Search and Advanced Search modes on Alafua, Emalus and regional libraries catalogues. ? 22 ? Post Lab Activity: 1. Use the advanced and subject search modes of the USP Library catalogue to conduct searches, on a given topic, and analyse the esults retrieved. 2. Review Quiz 3 23 Topic 9: Searching Databases and Managing References Introduction During your academic studies at The University of the South Pacific you will need to access and read many articles. The USP Library offers a wide range of online databases and many of these provide entire articles, called fulltext articles. You can find a list of these databases trough the USP Library homepage: http://www. usp. ac. fj/library. Under the heading eResources select Databases. In Part A of this topic you will explore ProQuest databases to find fulltext articles.In Part B of this topic, you will learn how to create, save and organise your references using referencing software called EndNote. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Access, navigate and identify features of ProQuest database; Construct search strategies, search and retrieve articles using ProQuest; Import references from online databases like ProQuest to EndNote Create and organise references and bibliographies using EndNote. Readings Read Topic 9 notes and PowerPoint tutorials. Activities and practical Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Register for EndNote account. 2. Create References manually using EndNote. ? Lab Activity: Part A 1. For given topics and citations, construct search strategies and conduct searches using the following search modes on the ProQuest database i. basic search; ii. advanced search; iii. topic search; iv. publications search. Part B 1. Create records in E ndNote by manually entering references and importing references from ProQuest database. 2. Organise references by creating groups and formatting in selected citation style. ? Post Lab Activity: 1.Formulate a search strategy for a given research topic, conduct the search on ProQuest, select and import records into EndNote and format into selected citation style. 24 Topic 10: Evaluating Information Introduction The quality and relevance of the information you use in your tertiary studies is of the utmost importance. It is easy to find information on most topics – but is it the best information? In this topic you will look at evaluating information in any format. In particular, you will learn how to apply the START evaluation criteria to critically evaluate the various types of information resources.Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the importance of evaluating information resources; 2. Identify criteria used for the ev aluation of sources of information; 3. Apply evaluative criteria to a range of information resources. Readings ? Read Topic 10 notes. Activities and practical ? ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Categorise Bad and Good Information Lab Activities: 1. Evaluate websites, on a given topic, using START evaluation criteria. 2. Evaluate journal articles, on a given topic, using START evaluation criteria. ? Post Lab Activity: 1.Use Google Web advanced search mode to conduct search on a given topic, select and evaluate a website using START criteria. 2. Review Quiz 4 25 Topic 11: Web 2. 0 Tools for Educational and Social Purposes Introduction This topic looks at the ways people use the latest developments in online communication, to create communities and share information, often near instantaneously. We encourage you to explore and find out more about this exciting development that has revolutionised communications and how people relate to each other in the 21st century. Learning outcomes Upon success ful completion of this topic, you should be able to: ?Identify and navigate various content collaboration, media sharing and social networking Web 2. 0 tools; Discuss the advantages and limitations of the different types of Web 2. 0 tools; Use selected Web 2. 0 tools. ? ? Readings ? Read Topic 11 notes. Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Browse and analyse blogs on a given topic. ? Lab Activity: 1. Browse a Facebook account of an organization and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social networking tools. 2. Browse a selected Wikipedia article and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of content collaboration tools. 3. Browse the code of conduct of Flicker and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of media sharing tools. ? Post Lab Activity: 1. Use Google Docs to create and publish a document on a given topic. 26 Topic 12: Analytical Reports Introduction This topic will develop your skills at using Microsoft Excel. You will learn how to calculate using fo rmulas and functions, create charts and Pivot Table, a data mining tool provided with Microsoft Excel. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: ? ? ? ? Work with formulas and functions in Microsoft Excel.Identify the appropriate type of chart for your report. Produce charts in Microsoft Excel. Use Pivot Tables to analyse and present data in Microsoft Excel. Readings ? Topic 12 notes from MOODLE. Activities and practical ? Pre-Lab Activity: 1. Create a spreadsheet as given in the pre lab activity using Microsoft Excel 2010 and answer the questions that follow. Lab Activity: 1. Create a Chart in Excel 2010. 2. Use formulas and functions to perform calculations 3. Add a PivotTable in Excel 2010. Post Lab Activity: 1. Review Quiz 5 ? ? 27 Topic 13: Social and Ethical Issues

Physical Evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical Evidence - Research Paper Example This follows that physical evidences always presents exhibits that are directly linked with the scene, the person who conducted the crime, as well as the things such a person may have been putting on during the time the crime was committed. Examples of physical evidences may involve the fingerprints of the criminals, the blood samples collected from the scene of crime, the weapons as well as remnants of the materials used to commit such crimes (Siegel, 2010). Exclusionary rule refers to the rules put in place to discourage the introduction of illegally obtained evidences in relation to certain cases involving criminal trials (Maclin, 2013). The introduction of such illegally obtained evidences in the case trials involving criminal activities may always lead to biased decision-making. This leads to inaccurate decisions from the juries thereby making their verdicts questionable as well as disputable. In addition, the introduction of such illegally obtained evidences in legal processes may deny the accused the right to free and fair trials. This rule provides that any evidence that may emanate from questionable sources and presented by the prosecution with the main aim of fixing the defendant, violating the defendant constitutional rights as well as subject the defendant to unfair trials should not be presented in any courts of law during the trials (Siegel, 2010). It is of crucial significance to note that confessions rule greatly differs with the exclusionary rule in legal terms. Confessions rules may either be judicial or non judicial (Kusonsinwut, 2008). In this regard, it is imperative to note that confessions may be either official or unofficial with regards to several legal perspectives. It is of critical significance to highlight that in relation to common law, each and every statement that is submitted of directed to may person in authority must be

Market Segmentation by Coca Cola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market Segmentation by Coca Cola - Case Study Example Factors influencing consumer choice such as psychological, socio- cultural, economic government, lifestyles, perception, motivation, attitudes, consumer behavior toward a cold drink, family preference reference group, disposable income, discretionary income and other relevant factors have to be taken into account for segmenting the market and penetrating into different niche markets. For last 5-6 years many banks and other financial companies targeted low-income groups with bad credits for sub-prime mortgages. These debtors were risky on the standard of credit rating below 6 and were expected to default one day or other. The real motive of the banks to extend credits to such borrowers were to earn quick profits in the background of flush of liquidity with then after the stock market bust in 2001 and the craze of many people to have his own house at any cost. This two supply and demand poles met each other. Financial companies became aggressive in targeting this segment for loans so much so that liquidity with them started falling, thereby creating pressure on lending rate and the resultant credit control by banks. There were numerous defaults in repayments causing credit crisis. In recent years housing prices in USA, were so steeply high that there was speculation of house bubbles. In research paper published in the Journal of Housing research v... This two supply and demand poles met each other. Financial companies became aggressive in targeting this segment for loans so much so that liquidity with them started falling, thereby creating pressure on lending rate and the resultant credit control by banks. There were numerous defaults in repayments causing credit crisis. In recent years housing prices in USA, were so steeply high that there was speculation of house bubbles. In research paper published in the Journal of Housing research volume 6, Issue to by Robert Quercia, George W. Mccarthy & Michel A Stegman similar opinion has been expressed on Mortgage default among rural, low income borrowers. "When mortgage risks are not well understood households are forced to pay mortgages insurance premiums or mortgage interest rates that are higher than necessary to compensate for the higher risk involved.that lenders perceive them to represent" Data from 2000-01 on foreclosed homes at Utah has used by Amber Gallagher Utah State university points out the fact of defaulting of payments and the following fore closer of the houses of the first time home buyers against loans. They were also subjected to specific segment targets for marketing loans but they were not fit for the mortgage. Payment to income ratio and loan to value ratio were at low level. No ethics support such target marketing on lower income groups who are either ignorant about the risk or poor enough to afford on their own but have craze to have a house, which is the primary need for everyone. Financial companies with their own motives to earn quick profit target these people and for this they impose unsolicited terms in the garb to squeeze them. When the borrowers fail to repay the loan or interest in time their houses

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

International Marketing - Essay Example This essay stresses that along with these strategies, the report also presents a comprehensive description of the human resource strategies along with the suggested mode of entry for the brand. Various macro-environmental and micro-environmental factors have also been addressed in this report, which were identified as relevant to the proposed international marketing plan. Concerning the challenges likely to be witnessed when implementing this plan along with the opportunities and the benefits to be obtained, it can be affirmed that high growth prospects persists within the Indian consumer technology industry owing to the flexible Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policies and lesser competition. Furthermore, the analyses presented through this report also reveal that an increasing consumer demand is also identifiable within the Indian market which further strengthens the marketing proposal. This paper makes a conclusion that with reference to the above discussion, it can be apparently observed that the proposed marketing plan can be effective subjected to certain aspects. The most crucial aspect which needs to be taken into concern when applying the proposed marketing plan is the uncertainty witnessed currently in the technology consumer market in India as well as that in the global industrial context. In this regard, it becomes quite vital for the company to make continuous evaluation and projection of its operations as well as strategic implications in order to ensure long-run profitability and sustainability in the targeted market.

Lincoln Presidency against that of Johnson Essay

Lincoln Presidency against that of Johnson - Essay Example Precisely the paper will argue out if the Lincoln administration was worthy of more praise than Johnson’s presidency. The first crucial policy enforcement that Lincoln is highly accredited for over his predecessors and successors was the Emancipation of Slaves who hugely consisted of African Americans. President Buchman, Lincoln, and Johnson all believed that the Constitution protected the institution of slavery (Jones, 1999). However, Lincoln alone understood that the constitution and the union that it had created would be preserved only by redefining the principles on which the country was cemented upon, such as all men are created equal. This led to the passing of the second confiscation act in 1862 in a move to weaken the rebellion that opposed Lincoln by freeing the slaves since most of the rebel leaders were slave owners. Furthermore, the emancipation declaration that Lincoln brought into effect was to free slaves even in states that were not under the union control. As one of Lincoln’s officials pointed out Lincoln was the first great man, who talked in the United States in a manner th at suggestively deemed that there was no difference between any two people, especially on the differences of color (Jones, 1999). In respect to domestic policies, Lincoln led to a myriad of substantial changes in the government policies that faced an impetus force of resistance. Lincoln created the first income tax in an attempt to finance the war and implemented military drafts that led to huge uproar and riots in the New York City. These and many other policies that Lincoln incorporated during his rule were meant to restore the union, which happened to be an overwhelming priority during his term. On the other hand, Johnson’s first priority was the restoration of the state and some of his notable contributions include, the halting of the construction of Bozeman trail.

Salse and Planing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Salse and Planing - Essay Example The level of interaction is greater and feedback is generated in a positive manner. The convening opportunity to a consumer is more (ICMR, 2010). Trade Selling: The salesperson sells the products to marketing intermediaries like whole sellers and retailers. The consumers are not the direct prospects of the products. The intermediates are the actual consumers and they sell to direct clients (ICMR, 2010). The customer’s expectation towards the organization is difficult to evaluate. There has been decrease in the consumer satisfaction level and even the organizations huge investment towards Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Customer expectations are increasing in relation to salesperson information, swiftness of response, extent and deepness of communication, and customization of information and product/service offerings. Failure to respond and adopt new strategies will negatively affect the sales force. The competition is intense for revenue and market share. The cost to serve consumers plays a greater pressure on the salesman to perform under such situations. During the different phases of PLC due to lack of knowledge of competitor’s products, they might have to face problems. Lack of technology that helps the salespersons to supervise significant information throughout sales cycle and communicate in actual time with their companies, might affect the salesperson performance. In the extremely competitive circumstances, salespersons must be significantly careful about the phrases and the arguments they use and encouragements they offer in endeavouring to succeed the sales. Otherwise, they may be sued by the clients. The managerial forces in form of huge targets have the effect upon the sales force. With increasing competition among the sales managers they tend to push the limits of sales force which ultimately affects the sales force performance. Through the study of consumer behaviour, it is

Money versus Religious Object Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Money versus Religious Object - Essay Example I have a parachute and obviously money would mean I will be able to buy anything I longed for. Money in itself serves as a religious object. Evidently, benefits of the $10 million will be more compared to the one for the religious object.In my economical perspective, money is the stronghold of my survival and this is why I have chosen to go for the $10 million. It is not that I am not religious. Good life is proportionally related to the money one has in this world. Everyone in this world longs and works hard to get more and more money. This is because they have a longing for something money provides. In this regard, I believe to some people money serves as a religion. This is so because it controls and manipulates people towards doing some things they were not likely to do. In order to maintain order and a sense of belongingness in a community, money is a pre-requisite. I choose the $10 million dollars not only for a good life but also for respect in society. I chose it because I al so have dreams that I ought to make a reality. I believe money is just a need and would not overcome my religion. I do perceive it differently in my case. I cannot enslave and misuse humanity since I have all the money in the world. I envision a sense of purpose when I have the $10 million dollars and not the religious object. The advantage about the $10 million dollars is that given I use it wisely, I will generate more and more of it and this will boost my survival instincts and that of the society as a whole.

What do you see as advantages & disadvantages of being native a Essay

What do you see as advantages & disadvantages of being native a speaker and a non-native speaker - Essay Example Native speakers of a language enjoy numerous advantages over their non-native counterparts who, subsequently, experience a range of disadvantages due to social exclusion, lack of any intense or ongoing semantic familiarity and the burden of social or ethnic otherness that finds itself replicated in language systems. Advantages also exist for non-native speakers however, as the concept of English as a 'global language' creates a simplified, secondary stream of English language communication. Native and non-native speakers therefore enjoy both positive and negative flow on effects from their degree of expertise or familiarity - and these effects vary as global language systems evolve. As the use of English spreads throughout the world and the concept of a 'global english' becomes more viable - a clear delineation emerges between native and non-native speakers of the promoted dominant language. There is a clear linguistic stratification within groups who are 'speakers' of a certain lang uage. Even within groups of native speakers there are cultural, socio-economic and micro-social dialectic particulars creating sub-categories of communication that produce exclusivity within even smaller groups.

Quality and Safety Two Sides of the Same Coin Coursework

Quality and Safety Two Sides of the Same Coin - Coursework Example According to National Transportation Safety Board, civil aviation accidents in the United States for 2011 had slightly increased than the previous year (i.e. 2010). Numbers of civil accidents have increased from 1500 in the year 2010 to 1550 in the year 2011. Simultaneously, the fatalities have increased from 473 in the year 2010 to 485 in the year 2011. In the year 2011, 28 mishaps were accounted for the Part 121 air carriers and 4 accidents were reported for the part 135 commuter1. This statistic show that the differences between the accidents rates between the two years do not vary much, even though efforts have been made that are needed to ensure higher quality and considerable safety to the consumers. It has undoubtedly become one among the top most priorities of the aviation companies. Aviation industry is an important industry in the United Kingdom and influences the country’s overall economy and lives of the people. The British Airways based in the UK is one of the bes t airline companies operating in the world. Its brand revolves round the customer satisfaction and its primary goal is to provide utmost satisfaction to its customers through ensuring quality and safety. The aviation industry in the United Kingdom is booming at a tremendous rate every year, thereby creating the need to maintain best quality along with the highest safety measures to its customers2. The continuously changing environment in the aviation sector has posed certain significant challenges to improve the quality in service and the safety measures provided to the customers. Risk in Aviation Industry Risk in aviation industry emanates from a number of factors. Pilots usually have to work in complex circumstances and operate together with different technologies. In such circumstances, the risk is very high and threats come from variety of sources3. Icing during the winters causes dense layer of clouds cover that may cause difficulties to the pilot while flying. Icing and freezi ng are common in European countries including the United Kingdom. The other major reason that acts as a hurdle in the aviation is the wind factor. During taking off or at the time of landing, strong wind possesses considerable risk to the aircrafts. During thunderstorm, lightening is caused which discharges electric that may destroy the aircraft and may cause fire in the fuel tank which may result into explosion in the aircraft4. In addition to this, it can disrupt the communication system and the navigation tool present in the aircraft. When there is a large storm, it may accompany with the hail stone that may damage the skin of the aircraft. It is not only the natural factors that cause damages and create threats while flying in aircrafts but the most imperative factor that is responsible for the aircraft mishap is the technical errors. Today, alike other sector, the aviation sector is also highly dependent on technology. Despite technological advancements, there have been a numbe r of cases of technological failures such as engine failure and communication error during the course of a flight. Engine failure is probably the most dangerous situation that may lead to fatal accidents. Engine failure may be caused by the contamination of fuel or the pump failure. Another reason for the engine failure is the spark plugs that may not function properly during the flying stage5. Technological factors can be avoided, if proper inspection is conducted before the

Assess the Reasons for the February Revolution Essay Example for Free

Assess the Reasons for the February Revolution Essay He was also Anti-semitic, a quality which is why he did nothing about attacks by the black hundreds or the like, and this is also why many Jews joined the revolutionary parties. Nicholas also appointed many bad ministers, who actually worsened the situation, rather than keeping the better ministers such as Stolypin and Witte, who had aimed to reform Russia, instead dismissing them. He refused to grant political reforms such as those demanded in the 1905 revolution. His government’s failure to politically reform also led to problems. They promised reforms that weren’t carried out, didn’t pass reforms that could have been extremely helpful to Russia’s situation. They also didn’t accept ideas such as liberal freedoms, and Stolypin’s own reforms soon proved to be too little, too late. Nicholas’ Failure to reform due to his conservatism, as well as his government’s failure, proved to be its downfall. Lack of reform left the working classes in poor conditions, which let Socialism grow rapidly, with the middle class becoming Critical of the Tsar and his system. The Government didn’t deal with the peasantry and the land hunger, and Stolypin’s reforms did not aid the situation in the end. They increasingly used suppression as War grew closer, causing more and more discontent. As well as this, if Nicholas II hadn’t been the way he was, there wouldn’t have been the revolutionary parties that pushed for change. The First World War is a highly important factor, and Russia’s entry into it was due to its foreign policy, and it ties to France due to loans. There were three years of very little success, which demoralised the people. The army was highly inefficient and unorganised, with massive casualties in battles. The war caused a great strain on the economy, which affected the working class and the peasantry, in that the peasantry were pushed to produce food which was hard to produce in the harsh conditions of Russia, and the working class were pushed hard to produce weaponry in the factories. And this caused discontent among the many classes of Russia. There was also a strain on social cohesion, with people beginning to grow more discontent on the whole, and with less unity. As well as this the incompetence of the government was revealed, which was shown to all the people of Russia now that it couldn’t be hidden. To add to this, the government began to increase its use of suppression, forcing Russian culture on Minorities, persecuting Jews, using reactionary actions to deal with protest, and continuing with the oppressive Okhrana. The government also showed its lack of understanding on how to deal with protest, as it most often simply reverted to suppression rather than negotiation, which just led to more discontent and riots. Industrialisation is another important factor, as well as the working class. The proletariat was growing, with poor conditions and overcrowding, combined with the lack of reforms by the government. Socialism was becoming huge in working class circles, and they began to move for change. There were many working class strikes, especially during the February revolution. The higher industrial demand of the war as well as the growing industry put strains on the peasantry, with high taxes, which caused mass discontent. The peasantry as well as the land hunger in Russia was also a factor of fair importance. The Peasants wanted the land that belonged to the gentry, and Stolypin’s reforms hadn’t resolved this, as peasants began taking land for their own. As well as this, the peasants that were conscripted into the army became disillusioned and would eventually join the others in the February revolution against the Tsar and his regime. There was also a lack of food, and the failure to supply sufficient amounts of grain led to urban unrest. The Middle class’ opposition towards the government began to grow in the lead up to this period. There was a growth in Political debate, despite Autocracy’s ongoing reign, as well as a growing middle class involvement in the Zemstva and a general belief in the need to widen the basis of the regime. There began a development of Professions, and the Intelligentsia that had been educated in the Universities began to see what was going wrong. As well as this, Education was becoming more widespread, so more and more people were becoming disillusioned about the government and its actions. The lower classes began seeing what was wrong with the country and its government, and began wanting change. Alexandra and Rasputin were a strong influence on Nicholas II, and she reinforced his belief in autocracy. As well as this, Alexandra’s German origins led to fake rumours of her treason against Russia, which although fake, still sowed discontent among the people, especially in Petrograd. Rasputin gained influence over the Royal Family, leading to people being unsure who was really in power. Nicholas was influenced by both of these people, and this means they too contributed to Russia’s problems. The Revolutionary parties only really took control after the revolution, but they still had their part to play in it, albeit a more passive part. Their propaganda undermined loyalty to the Regime, and they reduced the quality of the Bureaucracy by drawing away the able young ministers. The Government grew afraid of them, and tried to use increasing amounts of suppression to try and control them, which just increased discontent. Overall, Nicholas II is the most important factor in the outbreak of the Revolution. If he had not been there, the other factors would probably not have existed. He caused the discontent and protest simply because of the failure of his government to reform, rather they chose to uphold Autocracy and not give any power to the people of Russia. The least important factor is the Revolutionary parties, as although they played a more active and important part in the aftermath of the Revolution, they were mostly passive in the largely spontaneous February revolution.

Reverse Logistics Processes

Reverse Logistics Processes Definitions â€Å"The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.† Logistics is defined by The Council of Logistics Management What is Reverse Logistics? We refer to the term reverse logistics as all activity associated with a product/service after the point of sale, the ultimate goal is to optimize or make more efficient aftermarket activity, thus saving money and environmental resources. As equally as Logistics deal with the set of events that move the product to customer, the reverse process moves the product at least on step back in the supply chain. The objective is to regain the value or proper disposal, when the product returns in the opposite direction. The sold goods get returned due to improper quality control measures leading to damage, recalls, hazardous materials and obsolescence.,   It involves collection, transportation disposal of returned , damaged /surplus goods through reuse, resale, or repair. Importance Of Reverse Logistics. Reverse logistics responsiveness and quality has a direct a positive effect on the companies economic performance.   Companies have to accept returns in the shape of products or materials as a legal obligation. As organizations offer warranty along with sale of items, and to minimize the cost of warranty and sale price, the reversals become inevitable for sustaining customer satisfaction and quality assurance. The closer the company is to the end customer, the greater the size and scope of reverse logistics issues. .The worldwide legislations on hazardous materials (WEEE and ROHS), demand reverse logistics for repairables. Size Of Reverse Logistics It is difficult to estimate the cost in Reverse logistics management as many   companies do not have systems to estimate. Research says it is around 4% of the cost of logistics, based on a survey sample.. Return Percentages The reverse logistics process can be divided into two categories depending on the areas of reverse flow which in turn comprises of primary products, or primary of packaging. A Company has varied disposal options to choose once a product has been returned. The company looks primarily to return it to the supplier for a full refund. In case of goods not used may be resold to a different customer or at an outlet store. If goods do not meet required quality levels, then it may be sold to a salvage company that will export the goods to a foreign market. Common Reverse Logistics Activities : Activites that comprise of reverse logistics include:, Refurbishing, Recycling , landfill, repackaging, returns processing and salvaging Key Reverse Logistics Management Elements Gatekeeping Compacting Disposition Cycle Time Reverse Logistics Information Systems Centralized Return Centers Zero Returns Remanufacture and Refurbishment Asset Recovery Negotiation Financial Management Outsourcing Strategic Use Of Reverse Logistics The strategic usage of Reverse logistics among the retailers and wholesalers is to reduce the risk of buying products that may not be hot selling items. In some industries goods are distributed with the understanding that retuning the goods for credit is allowed if they are not sold. This encourages retailers to carry a huge stock thereby shifting the risk of having unsold goods (obsolescence) goes to the company. The retail seller at the nearest reach to the customer exploits the situation ordering a huge consignment and resulting in heavy returning. An example of the strategic use of returns in the market is the sale of newspapers and magazines, and the sellers carry more stock for a considerable incentive. By doing this the reseller were allowed to return the goods within the stipulated time frame. This facilitated the customers to the inventory low and purchase things in time. Every business aims to lock the customers in and not to opt for to another supplier. There are many ways developed by the supplier to link themselves to the customers not to switch to another supplier. One important service that a supplier can offer to his customer is the ability to accept the defective goods immediately and refund the amount timely. Every retailer needs to have a strategic vision of the logistics in order for him stand updated in the market. The retailer in business of electronic toys can easily get off business if they do not have the knowledge or vision of reversal logistics. Several surveys have estimated that a larger part of the profit was due to the improvised strategies. How An Effective Strategy Can Be Developed: The best methodology for an effective reverse logistics to be framed and implemented would be working on the existing process in the business. The traceability and quality management system will identify goods timely and correctly outlining the features of a product in details and the reasons of defect with a solution of a product when returned. The reverse logistics process can be managed through a tailored program called Enterprise resource planning system. A tailored ERP system can provide varied information related to the returned inventory. It can give the number of returns from the customer, identify the reasons of the returned goods, check the course action to be taken and deal with the product and allocate resources in dealing with the product. An ERP system, equipped with robust processes, should be sufficient to manage its reverse logistics strategy. The other crucial aspect in reverse logistics is the concept of collaboration. It works efficiently with a effective collaboration involving a larger visibility. Sharing of information, supporting integrated decision making should be a vital feature of the collaboration. Constant communication and shared processes with a common vision should be practiced for a successful designing and implementation of Reverse Logistics. This has become a integral part of any business in day to day life which may results in many benefits to the company. Every retailer, manufacturers and producers need to create the necessity of reviewing the logistics followed. They can work on their existing systems that trying to find ready made solutions. The companies have developed various simple and effective strategies for running a successful Business. The various steps or factors involved while defining at effective reverse logistics Security Shipping and Receiving Labour The Return Policy Inspect Returns Assign Disposition Real Examples or Practical Examples of Effective Reverse Logistic. Reverse logistics is also applied for a different non-commercial cause and used for a reason of charity or   gain a mileage augmenting advertisement returns. Such donations get a goodwill to a company and act as a substitute for ads .Henna Anderson Co s Hannadowns   campaign retrieves   used clothes from the customers and gives an offer on the new purchases. The returned clothes reach the less-privileged ones. As a second example, Kenneth Cole Productions makes offers to customers returning old shoes and given away to the needy. Nike shreds the retrieved old shoes and converts them into basketball courts and tracks. Business Implications Despite the costs, companies do accept returned goods, with original receipt or a fees, as Returns Management is an important strategic tool in a competitive environment. Return policies are in place to influence purchase decision of a customer. Return management is a strategy similar to reverse logistics involving a decision on how the return will be dispositioned. When returns are a liability and restrictions are too many in land filling, then disposal is a less attractive   option. Difficulties Of Reverse Logistics Companies budget for   what is known as â€Å"Brand Equity† to attach an image   to products and can not afford to reduce the value of primary investment   , by having their product appear in a flea market. The difference in the objective of the manufactures and retailers exists due to the different strategies followed in managing returns. For Eg, In case a retailer wants to return a good to the manufacturer and he would disagree for varied reasons as follows: Condition of the item,Value of the item and the promptness. The assumption by the retailer for returns sent back in pure , pristine conditions and any damages must have occurred in transit or must be manufacturing defects, leads to criss cross of purposes. The inefficiency of the reverse logistics is indicated by the amount of returns inventory being held in the warehouse and clearly denotes the way the firm is handling returns. Unfortunately, some symptoms that cannot be identified and observed are as below. These have been defined by Dr. Dawe. For most firms processing returns is not a priority.Focus is on new generated products revenue and returns received are in more number to the processing or disposal. Declined value of the returns due to obsolescence (computers , fashion ware). Company policies making it difficult to handle returns as the â€Å"junk† damages quality products. Conclusion First, develop strong reverse logistics strategies. Second, clearly outline financial, corporate, branding, marketing and other objectives. Treat it as another business; and not a simple operation. Give it goals, give it objectives, give it resources, give it executives and let it be part of the â€Å"Lifecycle† design for your products and your customers. References Curt Barry, â€Å"How to Develop a Reverse Logistics Strategy: 8 Tactics to Try.† Catalog Success Magazine, 2003.+http://www.fcbco.com/articles-whitepapers/Reverse-Logistics-Strategies.pdf Reverse Logistics Executive Council, http://www.rlec.org. Stefan E. Genchev, Reverse logistics program design: A company study Business Horizons, Volume 52, Issue 2, March-April 2009, Pages www.logisticsit.com/absolutenm/templates/ http://ideas.repec.org/a/aes/amfeco/v10y2008i24p192-209.html http://www.reverselogisticsprofessional.com/ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science http:www.mhhe.com/browsersox-scm Hawks, Karen. VP Supply Chain Practice, Navesink. Reverse Logistics Magazine Winter/Spring (2006). http://www.rlmagazine.com/edition01p12.php Rengel, P. Seydl, C. (May 2002). Completing the Supply Chain Model. Retrieved on 2008-04-25. Harrington, Ryan, VP GM for Reverse Logistics / Projects, NYK Logistics. Reverse Logistics Magazine. Winter/Spring (2006). http://www.rlmagazine.com/edition01p14.php Greer, 2004 Rogers, 2002 Mollenkopf D., Russo I. and R. Frankel, 2007 The returns management process in supply chain strategy. http://veltusresearch.com/Documents/Mollenkopf%20etal-07-Returns%20Mgmt%20Strategy%20(Italy).pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-05. Reverse side of logistics: The business of returns. http://www.forbes.com/2005/11/02/returns-reverse-logistics-market-cx_rm_1103returns.html. http://dictionary.bnet.com/definition/reverse+engineering.html http://www.clrb.com.br/publicacoes/academico_framework.pdf

Lighvan Cheese: Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties

Lighvan Cheese: Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties Physicochemical and organoleptic properties of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil Majid Keyvani, Marzieh Bolandi Abstract Cheese has high nutritional value in human health although is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. Essential fatty acids revealed crucial roles in nutritional diet and have been suggested as disease prevention agent. Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) has considerable amounts of omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids as well as magnesium, potassium and vitamin C. The aim of this study is production and characterization of Lighvan cheese fortified with Protulaca Oleracea seed oil. Results indicated that increasing of Protulaca Oleracea seed oil caused significant increased omega 3, 6 and 9 concentration in cheese (p0.05). Lighvan cheese containing 2.5% Protulaca Oleracea (purslane) seed oil showed the highest sensory attributes. Key words: Omega 3, 6 and 9 fatty acids, Lighvan cheese, Protulaca Oleracea seed oil, Fortification Introduction Cheese is the dairy product which has been considered as important food as a point of nutritional value. Cheese has been produced by traditional procedures since past years ago in Iran. Lighvan cheese, the semi-hard cheese, is the most popular traditional cheese made from raw sheep’s milk in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran. Lighavan cheese is characterized by high taste acceptability and considerable amounts of proteins especially casein which is beneficial for indigestion disease [1] but it is naturally poor in essential fatty acids. A large body of scientific reports suggests that high essential fatty acids dietary intake associated with health and reductions in cardiovascular diseases. Protucala Oleracea is an herb, known as purslane, which has considerable amount of poly unsaturated fatty acids. Purslane has been considered as rich sources of antioxidants, Vitamin A,B,C and E, beta carotene and essential amino acids as well as minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron [5,8]. Fatty acid composition of purslane contains palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) and ÃŽ ±-linoleic acid (C18:3 n3). ÃŽ ±-Linolenic acid is an ω3 fatty acid that is essential in the human diet as a precursor for the synthesis of longer chain fatty acids and the prostaglandin group of mammalian hormones. Oil seeds such as brassica, flax and soya are main sources of linoleic acid and particularly purslane seed contains considerable amounts of linoleic acids [10]. There are several reports in the literature corresponding to the health effects of omega 3 fatty acids on cholesterol reduction, arthritis treatment, mental depr ession therapy , burns healing and prevention of cancer cells growth[3]. Studies on omega 3 fortification of dairy products using fish oil have been found in the literature. However, the major problem with this kind of fortification is unacceptable sensory properties. The objectives of this study are i) to formulate of Lighvan cheese with purslane oil extract and ii) to study the effects of purslane fortification on characteristics of Lighvan cheese. Materials and Methods Materials Sheep milk was provided from Almalo village, Sahandabad county, East Azerbaijan province, Iran. Composition of sheep milk was 7.1% fat, 5.7% protein and 18.2% [M1]total solids. Renin was purchased from Mitoy company, Japan and salt was purchased from Pars Kaveh company, Iran. Purslane seeds provided from Mashhad traditional market and oil was extracted by cold press method. Cheese preparation About 24 kilograms of sheep milk were hygienically filtered at 30  °C and then divided into four portions in steel containers. Purslane seed oil was mixed with sheep milk at three ratio of 1:5, 2:5 and 3:5 using Blender (MJ-176NR, National, Japan). Then rennet was added to sheep milk in order to curd formation after one hour. The curds were pressed in textile filter in order to separate whey. The curds were then cut longitudinally and transversally and pressed again to remove residue whey. The curds were moulded and placed in 15% salt brine after 3 hours. Finally, the moulded curds salted and stored in 11% salt brine at 8 ±2  °C for 3 months for ripening. Physicochemical analysis Physicochemical properties of cheese samples evaluated according to the national standards of cheese including number 1753 for total solids determination, number 2852 for pH and acidity determination, number 760 for fat determination and number 1811 for protein determination[M2]. Fatty acid composition Fatty acid composition of purslane oil and fortified cheese analyzed using gas chromatography[M3]. YL Model6100 GC equipped with flame ionization detector was used. Characterization of capillary column (TR-CN100) was with 0.2 micrometer internal diameter, 0.25 micrometer thin coating and 30 meter length at 80 to 200 ° C temperature. The GC was operated with helium carrier gas with 99.99% purity. Sensory properties The sensory quality of cheese sample was evaluated by a 15 member panelist group who were skilled with quality attributes of food products. Panelists scored for sensory characteristics including color, odor, texture, internal and external appearance using a five point hedonic scale (1; very bad to 5; excellent). Statistical analysis The means of treatments were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 95% confidence level using SPSS 16 software. Sensory results were analyzed using nonparametric Fridman test at 0.05 significant levels. All analysis was performed at three replications. Results and Discussion Effects of purslane seed oil on physicochemical properties: The results of physicochemical analysis were shown in Table 1. The results indicated that the efficiency of cheese making increased as purslane oil concentration increased. The efficiency of cheese making depends on milk type, fat content, total solid (milk density), milk temperature (temperature of inoculation), the amount of rennet, rennet coagulation capacity, removed whey content, molding pressure and salting. Table 1: Cheese making efficiency[M4] Cheese + 3.5% PO Cheese + 2.5% PO Cheese + 1.5% PO1 Control Treatments 39.33% 37.33% 36.83% 34.83% Efficiency 1: purslane oil There is no significant difference (p>0.05) between pH and acidity of samples due to purslane oil addition however, the significant reduction in pH and acidity after aging process was observed (p Table 2: pH and acidity of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p The results of moisture, fat, salt and protein contents of cheese samples were shown in Table 3. The results revealed that the highest fat content related to cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil. The more purslane oil concentration caused significant more fat content (p0.05) [7]. Salt concentration in brine and consequent osmotic pressure caused penetration of salt into cheese and resulted in equilibrium which led to moisture loss during aging [2]. Results showed that moisture content of fortified cheese with purslane oil decreased before aging as purslane oil increased, however there is no significant difference between moisture content of cheese containing 1.5 and 2.5% purslane oil (p>0.05) . In fact, increasing of fat content resulted in more fat in dry matter and subsequent less moisture content which led to reduced lipolysis [7]. Previous studies revealed that moisture content didn’t substituted as much as reduced fat in low fat cheese [9]. Salt content of samples decreased as purslane oil increased which can explained by preventing role of purslane oil from penetration of salt into cheese structure. In fact, fat globules fasten capillary structure and extend penetration duration so cheese contained more fat content needs more time for salt diffusion into cheese [6]. Salt content of cheese increased during aging because of cheese curds storing in salt brine [2]. Protein content of cheese decreased significantly (p Table 3: Chemical properties of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p Gas chromatography The results of gas chromatography were shown in Table 4. The considerable amounts of omega fatty acids especially omega-3 fatty acids in purslane oil was observed and the omega-6 to omega-3 ration calculated as 1.5 which is an ideal ratio. Table 3: GC results of purslane oil[M5] The results indicated that purslane oil addition caused significant increase in omega 3, 6 and 9 (p Table 5: Omega fatty acids of cheese samples Values are recorded as mean  ± standard deviation Means followed by different superscripts in each column are significantly different (p Sensory properties Sensory assessment of cheese fortified with purslane oil is presented in Figure1. The panelists marked the lowest scores of flavor, aroma and appearance (color) for cheese containing 3.5% purslane oil and the cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil obtained the lowest total acceptability score. Porous structure is texture characteristic of Lighvan cheese. Different aroma is the other characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is related to sheep milk and microorganisms activity. It was expected that purslane oil covered the special aroma of Lighvan cheese because of distinct odor of purslane oil. The panelist distinguish particular aroma of purslane oil only at 3.5% concentration level. The individual flavor is another characteristic of Lighvan cheese which is correlated to sheep milk and bacteria activity. Purslane oil affected flavor of Lighvan cheese especially at 3.5% concentration level. The fortified cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil seemed darker than the other treatments. Figure 1: Sensory properties of cheese samples Conclusion This study exhibited the possibility of purslane oil as omega essential fatty acid source in traditional Lighvan cheese formulation without undesirable altering of physicochemical and organoleptic properties. Purslane seed oil could enrich omega-3, 6 and 9 fatty acids content of cheese considerably. Increasing of pursiline oil in formulation lead to increased omega fatty acid content although cheese contained 3.5% purslane oil didn’t obtain acceptable sensory characteristics and 2.5% purslane oil concentration showed better organoleptic properties. [M6] References Aminifar, M.Hamedi, M.Emamjomeh, Z.mehdinia,A. 2010. Microstructural , Compositional And Textural Properties During Ripening Of Lighvan Cheese, A Traditional Raw Sheep Cheese. Journal of Texture Studies 41 (2010) 579–593. Azcona, J.O.Garcia, P.T,Cossu, M.E.Iglesias, B.F.Picallo, A.Perez, C.Gallinger, C.I. Schang ,M.J.Cane,Z.E.t. 2008. Meat quality of Argentinean â€Å"Camperos† chicken enhanced in omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids.Meat Science, 79 :437–443 Brunner, J.R.1981. Cow milk proteins: Twenty five years of progress.J. Dairy Sci.64:1038-1050 De Lorgwril, M., Salen, P., Laporte, F. and Delriris, j. (2001). Alpha-linolenic acid in prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal Supplement 3(4):26-32 Gà ¶sta Bylund, M.Sc.1995. Dairy processing handbook. Tetra Pak. 8,320 Ghotbi, M. Soleymanian zade, S. sheikh zeyneddin, M. 2010. Identification of L. pentosus, L. paraplantarum and L. plantarum in Lighvan cheese, Research Journal of Food Science and Technology of Iran 6 (2): 145-148 Kavas, G. Oysun,G. Kinik, O.Vysal, H. 2004. Effects of some fat replacer on chemical, physical and sensory attributes of low-fat white pickled cheese. Food Chemistry, 88:381-388 Rubatzky, E. V. and Yamagughi, M. (1997). World Vegetables:Principles, Production and Nutritive Values. Chaman Hall, 834 pp. Rudan, MA.Barbano, DM.Yun, JJ. Kindstedt, PS.1999. Effect of fat content reduction on chemical composition, proteolysis, functionality, and yield of Mozzarella. J Dairy Sci, 82: 661-672 Salunkhe, D, K. and Kadam, S, S. (1998). Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology. Marcel Deker, INC. 727 PP. [M1]include detail of the method of milk analysis [M2]Include appropriate international standard with a reference [M3]Include detail of analysis and reference [M4]How making efficiency was determined [M5]All the oil transfer to the oil Calculate it [M6]Conflict of interest should be included Cubism Artists: Pablo Picasso and George Braque Cubism Artists: Pablo Picasso and George Braque In Paris around 1907, Pablo Picasso and George Braque broke away from centuries of traditional western art. The single viewpoint had been exhausted, it was cast aside. A new analytical system was put in its place. They revitalized the way they worked by re engaging with expressive energetic art from lost cultures (especially African art). This was refreshing as religion and superficial extravagance were not part of this movement. Paul Gauguin, the French impressionist, probably had a lot do with this. His work was heavily influenced by the native culture of Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands. By viewing a subject from many angles it created this cubist effect. Almost like the image itself were living and moving. Pre 20th century, most paintings had always been still and flat, granted many were incredibly life like but they were lacking in energy. Influential French art critique Louis Vauxcelles attributed the terms Fauvism (1905) and Cubism (1908).He described cubism as a geometric simplification of natural shapes and images. Upon seeing one of Braques paintings he said, M.Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and Roman houses in geometric diagrams, to cubes U. Apollonio, Materializing Space, in Braque, P. 4. Cubists wanted to create pictures that went beyond geometry or perspective. The idea of relativity the notion of movement on a flat surface was introduced. Artist fused both their observations and memories into the one image. But in order to do this the Cubists examined the way that we see. Artists were free from the use of perspective and accuracy. Tonal range and lighting was no longer heavily relied on but the representation of natural and fake textures made a lot of cubist art works appear tactile even though the surface of the canvas remained flat. Unlike the abstract artists of the same period, the aim was not to create an image without a distinct form, but to create a completely new way to represent images figuratively and realistically. In the beginning there were many very simple images of subject matter being used e.g. someone silting alone in an empty room with a window and the glimpse of an industrial landscape outside. But, as more boundaries were crossed and the classical styles of representation seemed but a distant memory away, mixed media started to take form in many of the cubists paintings. The importance of connecting reality to their paintings opened up a completely different way in which to connect with art. And as a result this heavily influenced many other artists and their styles, today this style has made a huge impact within the art world and advertising and we see this on a day to day basis. Cà ©zannes later works and tribal African art greatly influenced Braque and Picasso. A lot of tribal art appeared to be very stiff but they had such iconic faces. They were misleadingly flat to look at head on but if you looked at them from the side they were both curved and angular. During the far more analytical period of cubism we see a change in how shape is exposed. We begin to find shapes within shapes of all different sizes, textures and colours. Take Picassos Les Demoiselles dAvignon 1907 (MoMa) generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This sarcastic representation of the female nude depicts a group of nudes in various poses. Some of the sharp disjointed angular faces look like tribal masks; this gives the nudes a feeling of masculinity rather than conventionally looking feminine. This reinvention of the nude is created without ordinary perspective but the picture does not look flat. On the contrary the angles, curves, lines and the sparing use of flesh tones thought the painting still allow you to see through all the shapes and into the picture itself. The several alternate angles on top of one another do confuse the eye somewhat. Picasso termed this as an indulgence of colour, using but a small range of colours, and only slight tonal shifts. Around 1912 people began to think that Braque and Picassos style was becoming predictable and all of their work was becoming too similar, so much so that more often than not, people couldnt tell their work apart from one another. They were becoming increasingly more abstract and the subject was lost to the eye. In an attempt to step back from the severe abstract paintings Picasso began to use more mixed media. He took images from the real world and pasted them in to his work. His painting Still Life with Chair Caning 1912 (Musà ©e Picasso, Paris) was the first example of this collage technique. A lot of Picassos paintings already embodied this effect of collage He used different types paint and medium instead of mixed media. Thus for himself and other artists the second phase of the Cubist style was born: Synthetic Cubism had begun and the analytical phase was over. The terms Analytic Cubism and Synthetic Cubism were popularized by Alfred H. Barr, Jr. (1902-1981) in his books on Cubism and Picasso. Alfred Barr was the first director of the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Synthetic Cubism embodied a lot of repetition and the overlaying and overlapping of shapes and colours creating a more geometrically simplified and flatter image. Synthetic cubism was very different from analytical, it was colourful and more direct, even though the work sometimes appeared more abstract. The geometric way of thinking had now been replaced by freehand, patterns, lines, textures, shading and colour, all used in a variety of different ways, were rather rhythmic as they danced around the canvas. Paper was used as an alternative to paint and real scores of music replaced hand drawn notation. Anything you could find from newspaper, advertisements and packaging to everyday products that we use were either directly pasted or painted onto canvas. This was considered the first form of Pop Art. Braque confesses when we did Cubism, we had no intention of Cubism, but to express what was in us. Even though Picasso and Braque are so alike what unites them is less important than what divides them. Who was to Blame for Wounded Knee? Who was to Blame for Wounded Knee? Who was to blame for Wounded Knee? On that terrible day, December 29, 1890, a little gun conflict sparked the saddest event in Indian history. The veterans of the 7th cavalry were blinded by excitement. Warriors, squaws, children, dogs or even friendly soldiers all went down alike before the flailing fire. An infant dropped onto the ground from its mother embrace as the gushing blood from her lung’s bullet wound splashed across its innocent face. Even after the commotion ended, the soldiers called out to survivors promising them safety. The moment a boy came out of his hideout, he was butchered by bullets from over ten men. 250 unarmed Indians were killed mercilessly. That day, there was no battle or honor, only a shameful massacre at the Wounded Knee. Those to blame for the massacre were The US government for their indifference as well as bias toward the cavalry’s action, the 7th cavalry for their cruelty and Colonel James W. Forsyth for his commands as well as placement of troops. To begin with, the US government and the 7th cavalry had no right to interfere with the Indian. There was a treaty protecting these Indians. Even though the government used the Ghost dance as a reason, the Ghost dance was less like a solid reason and more like an excuse to send troops into the reservation First, consider treaty of Fort Laramie. The Treaty of Fort Laramieor theSioux Treaty of 1868 was an agreement between the  United Statesand the  Miniconjou, Oglala, and  Brulà ©Ã‚  bands of  Lakota people signed on April 29, 1868 at  Fort Laramie  in the Wyoming Territory, guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the  Black Hills, as well as hunting rights and further land in  South Dakota,  Montana, and  Wyoming. The  Powder River Countryor the reservation area as a whole was to be â€Å"closed to all whites†. Pine Ridge reservation was part of the treaty promised Indian land. The 7th cavalry intercepted  Spotted Elks band of  Miniconjou Lakota and Hunkpapa  Lakota near  Porcupine Butte  and forced them to move to Wounded Knee Creek. Both Porcupine Butte and Wounded knee creek were in Pine Ridge reservation. Hence, the 7th cavalry was violating the treaty statement that the land would be â€Å"closed to all whites† Consider the US government and the 7th Cavalry excuses that the Ghost dance could cause troubles and uprising. The Paiute prophet Wovoka simply used Ghost Dance as a dream in which the Indians could dwell in. They danced and experienced visions of loved ones returning, , of their ancestors and of the buffalo that once thrive but now no more in the plains, and of the disappearance of oppressive whites. The Ghost Shirts were believed by some to deflect the bullets of the whites, but most danced because they dreamt of renewal and an end to the reservation system. The Ghost Dance doubtlessly frightened many whites in the region, and created many rumors. However, there were no incidents of raiding outside the newly established reservation boundaries; The U.S. governments response by sending over half the entire U.S. Army to the reservations including the 7th cavalry was without doubt groundless and unjustified. Next, the 7th cavalry’s and Colonel James W. Forsyth’s intentions were clearly not peaceful. While there was conflict and tension during the event prelude to the massacre, the soldiers were well trained and prepared for necessary retaliation. However, evidence pointed out that they over-retaliated on purpose. The supporting evidences were that the 7th cavalry was scarred by Indian force before, the placement of Hotchkiss guns was for mass-murder and the battle was initiated in close range Consider the background of the 7th cavalry; in 1873 the 7th Cavalry moved its garrison post to  Fort Abraham Lincoln,  Dakota Territory. Lieutenant Colonel  George A. Custerwas killed at the  Battle of the Little Bighorn  on 25 June 1876 with 211 men of the 7th Cavalry. The Nebraska State Journal on December 10, 1890, under the headline The Redskins RetreatWar Cloud Grows Darker, claimed that the Seventh Cavalry was fairly itching for a fight. These are the same Indians who mercilessly shot down the gallant Custer and 300 of the Seventh Cavalry on that memorable day of June 25, 1876 and it is safe to say the Sioux will receive no quarter from this famous regiment should an opportunity occur to wreak out vengeance for the blood taken at the battle of the Little Big Horn. The 7th cavalry was obviously setting the scene for the battle. Troopers escorted the Lakota about five miles westward from the original open plain to harder to escape fromWounded Knee Creek where they made camp. Later that evening, Col.James W. Forsyth  and the rest of the  7th Cavalry  arrived, bringing the number of troopers at Wounded Knee to 500. In contrast, there were 350 Indians: 230 men and 120 women and children. The troopers surrounded Spotted Elks encampment and set up four rapid-fire Hotchkiss-designed  M1875 Mountain Guns. The guns were placed on higher spot in all directions to guarantee that no Indian would escape from Wounded Knee creek. After the battle initiated, it was fought at close range; fully half the Indian men were killed or wounded before they had a chance to get off any shots. Some of the Indians grabbed rifles they had been hiding and opened fire on the soldiers. With no cover, and with many of the Lakota unarmed, this phase of the fighting lasted a few minutes at most. While the Indian warriors and soldiers were shooting at close range, other soldiers used the Hotchkiss guns against Black Elk  (1863–1950); medicine man, Oglala Lakota: I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A peoples dream died there. It was a beautiful dreams the nations hope is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead.[25] Finally, the US government and Forsyth openly supported the inhumane action of 7th cavalry. James w. Forsyth praised the massacre as a success. The US government awarded the men of 7th cavalry with Medal of Honor and the promotion of James W. Forsyth. The Indian war came to an end. The massacre was also praised by public. Perhaps, many white people at that time were also to be blame for the massacre. Colonel Forsyth was oblivious to any problem. His report, written on New Years Eve, expressed his admiration for the gallant conduct of my command in an engagement with a band of Indians in desperate condition, and crazed by religious fanaticism. The secretary of war evidently agreed with Forsyth, and Forsyth was reinstated, later rising to the rank of major general. U.S. approval of the action was further emphasized by awards of the Medal of Honor to three officers and fifteen enlisted men for their heroism at the Battle of Wounded Knee Creek. The American publics reaction to the battle at the time was generally favorable. Many non-Lakota living near the reservations interpreted the battle as the defeat of a murderous  cult; others confused  Ghost Dancers  with Native Americans in general. In an editorial response to the event, the young newspaper editor  L. Frank Baum, later the author of  The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, wrote in theAberdeen Saturday Pioneeron January 3, 1891: The Pioneer has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries, we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies future safety for our settlers and the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past.[32] Soon after the event,  Dewey Beard, his brother  Joseph Horn Cloud  and others formed the  Wounded Knee Survivors Association, which came to include descendants. They sought compensation from the U.S. government for the many fatalities and injured. Today the association is independent and works to preserve and protect the historic site from exploitation, and to administer any memorial erected there. Papers of the association (1890–1973) and related materials are held by the University of South Dakota and are available for research.[33]  It was not until the 1990s that a memorial to the Lakota was included in the  National Historic Landmark. In conclusion, the â€Å"massacre† at Wounded Knee creek was to be blame on the US government, the 7th Cavalry and James W. Forsyth. The US government broke the treaty using the Ghost Dance as an excuse and awarded these murderers openly. James W. Forsyth and the 7th Cavalry also deliberately planned and executed the massacre. Draw correlation between Wounded knee and the holocaust + other holocaust. People will do everything in their power to destroy minority. US land of freedom and diversity also have stigma of mistreating and massacre of the minority, Indians until today. The Problem of tyranny of majority occur in all level Country global personal the conflict of majority is in us. Will we let the voice of others or majority kill the minority like the Elkwood we be bland and One dimensional enjoy the diversity and color of lives.